Understanding Technology-Facilitated Domestic Abuse

In a world increasingly dominated by technology, the conveniences of smart devices and digital connectivity come with a darker side.

Technology-Facilitated Domestic Abuse (TFDA) is emerging as a significant form of coercion, control, and harassment, impacting victims’ safety and wellbeing both during and after abusive relationships.

What is TFDA?

TFDA involves the misuse of technology to exert control over another person, often manifesting in stalking, harassment, or emotional manipulation. Perpetrators exploit technology to:

• Track victims’ locations through apps, smart devices, and even cars.
• Monitor communication and online activities, often covertly.
• Control smart home systems to intimidate and confuse victims.
• Record and share private moments as tools of coercion.

The Tools of Control and Associated Legal Protections

Perpetrators use various technologies to maintain control, but laws in many countries offer protections for victims:

1. Mobile Phones
   • How They’re Used: Abusers secretly install tracking apps or gain access to accounts, monitoring victims’ locations, contacts, and messages.
   • Your Rights:
     • UK Law: Under the Investigatory Powers Act (2016) and Data Protection Act (2018), unauthorised access to another person’s device or accounts is illegal. Victims can report such breaches to the police or their mobile service provider for support.
     • Legal Protections: Stalking and Harassment offenses under the Protection from Harassment Act (1997) include digital stalking. Report incidents to the police or seek an injunction through civil courts.
2. Smart Cars
   • How They’re Used: Smart car apps allow perpetrators to track routes, control vehicle settings, and even impose restrictions.
   • Your Rights:
     • If a car is jointly owned, the rights to access and control should be clearly defined during separation agreements. In the UK, legal action under harassment laws can be taken if misuse persists.
     • Victims can consult auto manufacturers for advice on securing smart features and limiting unauthorised access.
3. Smart Tags
   • How They’re Used: Discreet trackers, hidden in belongings or vehicles, enable covert tracking of victims.
   • Your Rights:
     • Unauthorised tracking violates the Stalking Protection Act (2019) in the UK. Police can issue Stalking Protection Orders (SPOs) to safeguard victims.
     • Tampering with personal property to install tracking devices could also constitute criminal damage.
4. Smart Home Devices
   • How They’re Used: Perpetrators manipulate connected devices—locking doors, adjusting thermostats, or controlling cameras—to instil fear.
   • Your Rights:
     • The Computer Misuse Act (1990) prohibits unauthorised access to smart home systems. Victims can file a report if their devices are being manipulated without consent.
     • In cases of shared homes, family courts can issue orders to ensure victims have sole control over smart systems.

Why TFDA is a Growing Concern

As technology becomes more embedded in daily life, the potential for misuse expands. Alarming statistics show:

• One in six women in the UK has experienced online abuse from a current or former partner.
• Smart devices, found in over half of UK households, often lack sufficient safeguards against such misuse.

Victims often face ongoing abuse even after leaving a relationship, as digital connections allow perpetrators to continue exerting control remotely.

Breaking Free: The Digital Breakup

Ending an abusive relationship requires more than physical separation—it necessitates a “digital breakup.” Steps to ensure safety include:

• Reset Passwords: Change passwords for all devices and accounts and avoid sharing them.
• Review Devices: Check for hidden tracking apps or devices. Seek professional help to sweep vehicles or homes if needed.
• Secure Accounts: Enable two-factor authentication wherever possible.
• Know Your Rights: Familiarise yourself with local laws, such as protection orders, to safeguard your digital autonomy.

Organisations like Refuge offer invaluable support for those navigating this process.

Their Digital Breakup Guide provides practical advice for securing your digital life.

How We Can Help

Preventing and addressing TFDA requires collective effort. Here’s how we can contribute:

• Educate Others: Share knowledge about TFDA, especially with vulnerable individuals.
• Promote Digital Literacy: Encourage everyone to understand the technology they use.
• Raise Awareness: Advocate for stronger safeguards in smart devices.

Together, we can create safer digital spaces and empower victims to reclaim their independence.

If you, or anyone you know, have been affected by Technology Facilitated Domestic Abuse, get in touch and we will be happy to advise on actions that can be taken.